**Background** Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as acute injuries like cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and influenza-induced pneumonia, are characterized by excessive oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and…
**Background** The proteasome is a large multi-subunit protease complex responsible for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, playing a critical role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system…
**Background** Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that plays a critical role in regulating glucose metabolism, lipid storage, and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of PPARγ is closely linked…
**Background** The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand, CXCL12, play a critical role in the homing, retention, and mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) within the bone…
**Background** Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function, which often leads to the accumulation of potassium in the blood, a condition…
**Background** Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are transmembrane tyrosine kinases that play critical roles in cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Dysregulation of these receptors is implicated in various pathological conditions,…
**Background** Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, and various forms of cancer remain significant global health challenges. In the context of metabolic health, the activation of the insulin signaling pathway is…
**Background** Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and the infiltration of immune cells. The pathogenesis of this condition is heavily driven by the IL-23/IL-17 axis,…
The identification and management of aberrant left hepatic arteries (ALHAs) during gastrectomy remain a critical challenge in minimally invasive upper gastrointestinal surgery. ALHAs, which originate from the left gastric artery…
The integrity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is paramount for accurate functional and mechanistic studies, as any alteration in size, charge, or morphology can significantly impact their biological behavior. Conventional labeling…